Study goals
To comparatively analyze the contributions of Penrose, Hamel & Prahalad, and Barney, applying their theoretical frameworks to the strategic trajectories of Apple, Toyota, and Natura, to understand how internal resources and core competencies sustain competitive advantage in dynamic and challenging contexts.
Relevance / originality
Integrates three classical approaches in organizational strategy into an unprecedented comparative case analysis, highlighting how different sectors translate theoretical concepts into managerial practices, thus addressing a literature gap on combined applications of internal models of competitive advantage.
Methodology / approach
Qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive approach, based on a systematic theoretical review and comparative analysis of multiple cases, using reliable secondary data, treated with theoretical–empirical triangulation and categorized according to the models of Penrose, Hamel & Prahalad, and Barney (VRIO).
Main results
Apple, Toyota, and Natura mobilize resources and capabilities aligned with theoretical models, presenting valuable, rare, inimitable, and well-organized assets, sustaining competitive leadership through continuous innovation, operational excellence, or the integration of science, ethics, and sustainability into their organizational strategies.
Theoretical / methodological contributions
The study highlights the complementarity among Penrose, Hamel & Prahalad, and Barney, proposing an integrated approach to understanding competitive advantage and methodologically demonstrating the feasibility of cross-case analysis with common theoretical categories and comparative strategic indicators.
Social / management contributions
Provides insights for managers to develop and protect intangible assets, align organizational structure and long-term vision, and integrate purpose and innovation. It points to pathways for sustainable strategies with positive economic, social, and environmental impacts in diverse sectors and complex competitive contexts.